Tobacco (Nicotiana spp., L.) refers to the genus of broad-broadleaf plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America or to the dried and cured leaves. Such leaves come typically smoked (understand tobacco smoking) in the form of a cigar or cigarette, or inside the smoking pipe, or around the water pipe or a hookah. Tobacco is too chewed, "dipped" (situated between a cheek & gum), & used-up when finely pulverized snuff tobacco, which is sniffed into a nose. A word "tobacco" is an Anglicization of the Spanish word "tabaco", possibly from either a native Cuban "tabacos" for even cigar or from either a Native American "tabago," a Y-shaped pipe utilized to sniff tobacco smoke through the anterior naris.

Tobacco contains a alkaloid nicotine, a right neurotoxin that is particularly harmful to insects. Completely means of ingesting tobacco effect in the absorption of nicotine in variable numbers into a user's bloodstream, and on top instance a development of tolerance and dependence. Absorption quantity, frequency & speed seem to have the directly relationship by owning how else heavy a dependence & tolerance, whenever any, may become created. The lethal dose of nicotine is contained inside when little when a single half of the cigar or even ternary coffin nail; even so, single a fraction of the nicotine contained in these products is actually freed into the smoke, & virtually all clinically important events of nicotine poisoning are the effect of concentrated forms of the compound utilized when insecticides. More active alkaloids inside tobacco include harmala.

Major hazards of tobacco utilise, all the same, require carcinogenic compounds in tobacco & tobacco smoke. Several jurisdictions stand enacted smoking bans in an effort to minimize possible damage to public health caused by tobacco smoking.

History
Indigen Americans utilized tobacco prior to Europeans arrived around United states, & early European settlers around America learned to smoke & brought a practice back to Europe, where it became hugely popular. At pleasantly high drugs, tobacco becomes hallucinogenic; accordingly, Native Americans typically did non have a drug recreationally. Like, it was typically consumed around inordinately high quantities & utilized as an entheogen; generally, this was done exclusively by experient shamans or medicine men. Additionally to existence smoked, uncured tobacco wwhen typically eaten, drunk as tobacco fluids, or even utilized within clyster. Early missionaries typically reported on a state from either tobacco, however when it spread into the west, it was there is no yearn utilized inside such big quantities or even for entheogenic purposes. Religious utilise of tobacco is however park among several indigenous peoples, particularly those of South America.

Since a beginnings of compound Us, yearn prior to a creation of the United States, tobacco, almost totally in its have, fueled a colonisation later Western South. A notion that "America was built on tobacco" is quite exact; & a initial compound expansion, fueled per want to increase tobacco production, caused the number one compound conflicts by using Native Americans, and likewise before long led to the have of African slaves for cheap labor.

Inside 1609, John Rolfe arrived at the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia. He was a number one human to with success raise tobacco at Jamestown. A tobacco raised around Virginia at that instance, Nicotiana rustica, was not to the liking of the Europeans, however Rolfe got brought a bit of seed for Nicotiana tabacum with him from Bermuda. Shortly fallowing arriving, his foremost married woman died, & he married Pocahontas, a girl of Chief Powhatan. Although virtually all of the settlers wouldn't touch a tobacco crop, Rolfe was respire to produce his fortune farming it. While he left for England with Pocahontas, he was wealthy. Once Rolfe returned to Jamestown charted Pocahontas's dying around England, he continued to improve a quality of tobacco. By 1620, 40,000 pounds of tobacco were shipped to England. Per period John Rolfe died within 1622, Jamestown was thriving as a producer of tobacco and Jamestown's people would top 4,000. Tobacco led to the importation of the colony's number one nigrify slaves likewise when women from either England inside 1619.

A importation of tobacco into Europe was non forswearing trend lines & contention, potentially in the 17th century. King James I of England (James VI of Scotland) published a renowned polemic titled A Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604. Within his essay, a king denounced tobacco apply when "[a] custome lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the Lungs, and in the blacke stinking fume thereof, neerest resembling the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomelesse." In this equivalent season, an English statute was enacted that placed the heavily hard tariff on every pound of tobacco brought into England.

Throughout a Seventeenth & Eighteenth centuries, tobacco continued to become a "cash crop" of the Virginia Colony. Big tobacco storage warehouse filled a areas touching a wharfage of recently thriving towns like Richmond and Manchester at the fall line (head of navigation) on the James River, and Petersburg on the Appomattox River.

Until 1883, tobacco excise tax accounted for 1 third of internal revenue collected per United States government.

Culture

Sowing
Tobacco seeds are started super early in the season. A seeds come scattered onto a surface of the soil, as their germination is activated by light. Inside compound Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized by having wood ash or even creature manure (frequently powdered horse manure). Seedbeds were so covered by owning branches to protect a immature plants from either frost damage. These plants were left to develop until in April.

In the nineteenth century, young plants come under increasing attack from either a flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris or Epitrix pubescens), causing destruction of half a United States tobacco crop inside 1876. In the years later on, several experiments were attempted and discussed to control a flea beetle. By 1880 it was discovered that replacing a branches by owning a frame covered by thinly textile would profits protect plants from either the beetle. This practice spread until it became omnipresent in the 1890s.

Now, in the United States, unlike other countries, tobacco is typically fertilized by having a mineral apatite in order to partially starve a plant for nitrogen, which changes the taste. This accounts for the different flavor of Our contries butt from either people available inside more countries. There exists, all the same, a select few guide that this might use adverse health effects attributable to the polonium content of apatite.

Transplanting

When the plants keep close at hand reached a certain height, it is transplanted into fields. This was originally handle making a comparatively big hole in the tilled globe by having the tobacco peg, so placing the little plant in the hole. Various mechanical tobacco planters were invented throughout a late Nineteenth & early 20th century to automate this run, making the hole, fertilizing it, & guiding a plant into the hole by having a single motion.

Topping and suckering

Another time a tobacco come growing swell, it may start to make shoots from either a joint of both leaf by using a stalk. These secondary shoots — called "suckers" — come undesirable when it divert energy that can be directed into a leaves. It is flushed within the run called "suckering" (for instance spelled "succoring" in older writing). Usually this is treat hand many days when you took a year. Recently anti-suckering compounds develop inherit utilize.

At a certain stage of maturity, the plant might create a flower clump from either its tip, besides when the tips of any suckers that remain on the plant. Sequentially to divert extra energy into a leaves, a plant is "topped" — a top is cut off.

Harvest

Tobacco is harvested within one of deuce slipway. In the oldest method, a entire plant is harvested at when by cutting off a stalk at the ground using a curving knife. In a nineteenth century, brightly tobacco began to exist when harvested by pulling single leaves off the stalk as it ripened. the leaves ripen from either a ground upwards, therefore a field of tobacco can last across many "pullings" prior to a tobacco is completely harvested, & a stalks can be turned into a soil. "Cropping" is the term for pulling leaves off tobbacco. Originally workers cropped a tobacco & situated it in mule-pulled sleigh. Late "tobacco harvesters" were invented - basically the trailer pulled behind the tractor. A harvester occurs as wheeled sledge or even trailer that has seats for the sharecropper to sit within & seats only in front one for the "stringers" to sit in. A sharecrop farmer pull a leaves dispatch around handfuls, & pass these to the "stringer", world health organizatiin loops string in a area of the handfuls of tobacco & hangs the babies on an extended wooden square pole. Traditionally, a sharecropper, down in a dark & soaked, by using ther faces generating slapped per vast tobacco leaves, were men, & the stringers sitting on the higher elevated seats were women. a harvester has site for Tetrad teams of workers: Octad population cropping & stringing, + a packer world health organization requires a big strung poles of not dry green tobacco from either a stringers & packs the children onto the pallet division of the harvester, + a driver, making the number crew of both harvester X humans. Interstingly, a outer seats come suspended from either a harvester - slung retired ended to healthy into a aisles of tobacco. When these seats come suspended these are significant to balance the weight of the Deuce outside teams (similiar to a playground view-teeterboard). With as well dense or even weak the human inside an imbalanced combination typically effects in the harvester tipping above especially while turning in at the prevent of a lane. Leaves come cropped when it ripen, from either a bottom of the stalk higher. A foremost crop at a super bottom of the stalks come known as "sand lugs", whilst it is typically against a ground & come coated using dirt splashed higher when it rains. S& lugs weigh a virtually all, and come virtually all hard to act sustaining. Cistern come the most common feature on the harvester due to heat, & danger of de-hydration for the workers. Salt tablets periodically make their way utilized too.

Curing
Cut plants or even pulled leaves come immediately transferred to tobacco barns, in which it is cured. Curing methods varies using a nature & severity of tobacco grown, and tobacco barn project varies accordingly. Air-cured tobacco is hold on easily-ventilated barns & allowed to dry above the period of times. Fire-cured tobacco is hold on big barns in which smouldering fires of hardwoods come saved burning. Flue-cured tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from either tier-poles inside heavy cuboidal barns (Aus: kilns, also traditionally known as [http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/oast Oasts]). These barns own flues which process from either externally-fed fire boxes to a roof, heat-curing the tobacco forswearing exposing it to smoke.

Post-cure processing

When tobacco is cured, these are moved from either the curing barn into a cargo hold for processing. Whenever completely plants were cut, the leaves come flushed from either a tobacco stalks around a run known as husking. For two cut & pulled tobacco, a leaves come so sorted into different grades. Around compound days, a tobacco was so "prized" into hogsheads for transport. Inside brilliantly tobacco regions, prizing was replaced by stacking wrapped "hands" into free piles to exist as sold at auction. In todays world, virtually all cured tobacco is baled prior to sales under contract.

Types

Fire-cured

Fire-cured smoking tobacco occurs as robust kind of tobacco utilized as a condimental for pipe blends. These are cured by smoking on top gentle fires. inside the United States, these are grown in the american section of Tennessee, American Kentucky & in Virginia. Latakia occurs as produced from either oriental varieties of North. tabacum. A leaves come cured & smoked on top smouldering fires of local hardwoods & redolent bush inside Cyprus and Syria. Latakithe has the pronounced flavor & a super distinctive aroma, & is utilized in the & so-alleged Balkan and English-style pipe tobacco blends.

Fire-cured tobacco grown inside Kentucky and Tennessee is used witharound a few chew tobaccos, damp snuff, occasionally coffin nail & as a condiment leaf in pipe tobacco blends. It has the rich, slightly flowered taste, & adds system & aroma to the blend.

Brightleaf tobacco
Before a American Civil War, the tobacco grown in the America was nearly totally fire-cured dark-leaf. This was planted inside fertile lowlands, utilized the robust kind of leaf, & was fire cured or even air cured.

Quondam when a War of 1812, demand for the milder, lightly, extra redolent tobacco arose. Ohio and Maryland both innovated quite a bit by having milder varieties of the tobacco. Farmers in a united states experimented sustaining different curing processes. However a breakthrough didn't came until 1854.

It got been found for centuries that arenaceous, upland soil produced thinly, weaker plants. Captain Abisha Slade, of Caswell County, North Carolina had a good deal of sterile, sandlike soil, & planted a fresh "gold-leaf" varieties on that. Slade owned a slave, Stephen, world health organization inadvertently produced the number 1 really brilliantly tobacco. He utilized charcoal to restart a fire utilized to guide the crop. A surge of heat turned a leaves yellowness. Applying that discovery, Slade developed the technique for producing brightly tobacco, cultivating in poorer soils & applying charcoal for heat-curing.

News spread through the locality jolly quickly. A vile sandlike soil of the Appalachian piedmont was suddenly profitable, and population quickly developed flue-curing techniques, the further effective way of smoke-free curing. Per eruption of a War, the town of Danville, Virginia actually had developed the bright-leaf market for the circumferent front yard within Caswell County, North Carolina and Pittsylvania County, Virginia.

Danville was likewise a independent railway head for Confederate soldiers going to the front. These brought brilliantly tobacco using the two from either Danville to the lines, traded it sustaining both more & Federal soldier, & developed quite taste for it. At the prevent of a war, the soldiers went front yard & suddenly there was a national market for the local crop. Caswell & Pittsylvania counties were a just 2 counties to the south that had an increase in amount wealth when a war.

White burley

Within 1864, George Webb of Brown County, Ohio planted Red Burley seeds he experienced purchased, & obtained that two or three of the seedlings had the whitish, sickly look. He transplanted the children to the fields anyway, in which it grew into matured plants however retained their lightly color. A cured leaves got an passing ticket texture & were exhibited as a curiosity at a market inside Cincinnati. A below month he planted tenner land (40,000 m²) from either either seeds from victims plants, which brought the premium at auction. A air-cured leaf was discovered to exist as modest tasting & supplementary absorbent material than any more kind. White Burley, when it was late known as, became a independent component around manduction tobacco, U.s. blend pipe tobacco, & Western-style coffin nail. the whiten a portion of the title is rarely utilized now, since red burley, a dark air-cured kind of the mid-1800s, there are no elongated is.

Shade tobacco

These are non easily known that a northern The states state of Connecticut is also one of a significant tobacco-growing regions of the united states. But, yearn prior to Europeans arrived in a area, Native Americans harvested uncivilized tobacco plants that grew along the banks of the Connecticut River. In todays world, a Connecticut Flow of any stream vale northward of Hartford, Connecticut is known as Tobacco Valley, & a fields and drying sheds are visible to traveller on tour to & from either Bradley Field, the major Connecticut airport. A tobacco grown on this text is referred to as shade tobacco, and is utilized when outer wrappers for a few of the globe's finest cigars.

Early Connecticut colonists acquired from a Indigene Americans a habit of smoking tobacco within pipes & began cultivating a plant commercially, possibly though a Puritans referred to it when a "evil weed". A plant was unlawful inside Connecticut around 1650, but in the 1800s as cigar smoking began to be popular, tobacco farming became the major industry, using farmers, jack, local youths, southern African Americans, & migratory workers.

Working conditions varied from either pleasant summertime function for students, to toilsome exploitation of migrator. For every one tobacco yields single Eighteen leaves utile when cigar wrappers, & each leaf takes much of single counterpoint attention fallowing harvesting, a bit of of which must exist as carried call at the drying sheds, where a temperature exceeds Hundred degrees Fahrenheit.

Inside 1921, Connecticut tobacco production peaked, at 31,000 acres (125 km²) under cultivation. A rise of cigarette smoking and the decline of cigar smoking has caused the corresponding decline inside the require for shade tobacco, reaching the minimum in 1992 of 2,000 acres (8 kilometre²) under cultivation. Since so, notwithstanding, cigar smoking has be further popular once more, & within 1997 tobacco farming had risen to 4,000 acres (Sixteen kilometre²). A industry has weathered a select few major catastrophes, including a devastating hailstorm in 1929, and an epidemic of brown spot fungus in 2000.

There is a Luddy/Taylor Connecticut Valley Tobacco Museum in Windsor, Connecticut.

Perique

Peradventure a virtually 100% strongly-flavored of all tobaccos is the Perique, from either Saint James Parish, Louisiana. Whilst a Acadians manufactured their way into this area within 1776, a Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes were cultivating the kind of tobacco using a distinctive flavor. a farmer known as Pierre Chenet is credited by having 1st turning this local tobacco into the Perique inside 1824 through the system of pressure-fermentation.

A tobacco come manually saved suckerless, & pruned to exactly Twelve leaves, across their early incubation. Inside late June, whilst the leaves come a dark, rich green & a plants come 2 dozen-30 inches (600 to 750 millimetre) tall, the whole plant is harvested within the late evening & hung to dry in a sideless curing barn. Another time a leaves use at times part dried, however piece however supple (commonly less than Two weeks in a barn), any odd dirt is flushed & the leaves come moistened using a body of water & stemmed by hand. A leaves come so rolled into "torquettes" of just about One pound (450 g) & packed into hickory whiskey barrels. A tobacco is so saved under pressure utilizing oak impedes & massive screw jacks, forcing 100% a air away from a however-moist leaves. Just about it used to be that a year, the pressure is freed, & both of the torquettes is "worked" by hand to permit a trifle air back into a tobacco. When a year of this coarse of action, a Perique is quick for consumption, although it can be saved newly under pressure for numbers of years. Extended exposure to air degrades a particular character of the Perique. the finished tobacco is dark 'last, about black, super damp by having a fruity, slightly vinegary aroma.

Considered a truffle of pipe tobaccos, the Perique is utilized as a component of numerous blended pipe tobaccos, however is as well heavy to become smoked pure. At once, a freshly dampish Perique was likewise chewed, however none is nowadays sold for this purpose. Less than Sixteen estate (65,000 m²) of this crop remawithwithin in cultivation, virtually all by one farmer known as Percy Martin, in Grande Pointe, Louisiana. For reasons unknown, the particular flavor & character of the Perique potty sole exist as acquired in a little triangle of Saint James Parish, less than Trey by Ten miles (Fin by Sixteen klick). Although at its peak, Saint James Parish was producing about Twenty heaps of the Perique a year, output is okay, just two or three barrelsful.

Spell traditionally a pipe tobacco (& however available from either a few specialist tobacconists), the Perique might nowadays besides exist as noticed in the Perique fag of Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co., around an around I a share to Little phoebe blend by using lightly tobaccos. The similar tobacco, according to pressure-fermented Kentucky tobacco is available by the title Acadian Green Flow of any stream Perique.

Tobacco products

Snuff
Copenhagen snuff tin

Snuff occurs as generic term for fine-ground smokeless tobacco products. Originally the term referred just to dry snuff, a ticket tan dust popular in the main in the eighteenth century. This is typically known as "Scotch Snuff", the folk-etymology derivation of a angling run utilized to dry the cured tobacco per factor.

European (dry) snuff is meant to become sniffed higher a nose. Snuff is non "snorted" due to a fact you don't need a snuff for retiring the nose we.e.; into sinuses, throat or even lungs. European snuff comes around many varieties: Plain, Toast (fine ground - super dry), "Medicated" (menthol, camphor, eucalyptus, etc.), Scented & Schmalzler (the German kind.) A major brand of European snuff come: Bernards (Germany), Fribourg & Treyer (UK), Gawith (UK), Gawith Hoggarth (UK), Hedges (UK), Lotzbeck (Germany), McChrystal's (UK), Pöschl (Germany) and Wilsons of Sharrow (UK).

Snuff has potentially been incurred to exist as beneficial inside a bit of legal actions of hay fever due to a fact that a snuff might end allergins from either acquiring to the mucous secretion membrane in the nose.

U.s. snuff is very much stronger, & is arranged to become dipped. It comes around both varieties -- "sweet" & "salty".Until a early 20th century, snuff dipping was popular in the United States among rural humans, world health organization would typically use sweetly barkless branchlet to apply it to their gums. Popular brands come Tube Rose and [Navy].

A 2nd, & thomas more popular within Northerly America, kind of snuff is dampish snuff, or even dipping tobacco. This is now and again known as "snoose" derived from the Scandinavian word for snuff, "snus". Rather a word, a origins of damp snuff come Scandinavian, & a oldest Western brands suggest that by their list. Western Moist snuff is mass produced from either dark fire-cured tobacco that is ground, sweetened, & aged per manufacturing plant. Large N U.s. brands come Copenhagen, Skoal, Chisholm, and Kodiak also Grizzley. Western dampish snuff tends to become dipped.

A few modern smokeless tobacco brands, like Kodiak, stand an aggressive nicotine delivery. This is accomplished sustaining the higher dose of nicotine than butt, the high pH level (which helps nicotine enter the blood stream sooner), & a high part of unprotonated (loose base) nicotine.

Chewing tobacco

Manduction is one of a oldest ways of ingesting tobacco leaves. Indigen Americans inside two Northerly & South United states chewed a leaves of the plant, ofttimes mixed sustaining lime. Modern manduction tobacco is produced inside iii forms: twist, plug, & discarded.

Twist is the oldest form. 1 to 3 high-quality leaves come braided & twisted into the rope spell green, and so come cured in the equivalent manner when more tobacco. Until recently this was treat farmers for their family consumption additionally to more tobacco arranged purchasable. Modern twist is from time to time lightly sweetened. These are however sold commercially, however seldom seen outside of Appalachia. Popular brands come Mammoth Cave, Moore's Red Leaf, & Cumberland Gap. Users cut a piece off the twist & chew it, expectorating.

Plug manduction tobacco is mass produced by pressing together cured tobacco leaves around the sweet (typically molasses-based) sirup. Originally this was treat hand, however since a 2nd half of the 19th century leaves were pressed between large tin sheets. A resultant sheet of tobacco is delve plugs. Such as twist, consumers cut the piece slay of the plug to chew. Major brands come Times O Operate & Cannon ball.

Discarded, or even looseleaf chew tobacco, was originally a excess of plug manufacturing. It's sweetened like plug tobacco, however sold free within bags rather than the plug. Looseleaf is far and away a virtually all popular form of mastication tobacco. Popular brands come Redskin, Beechnut, & Mail Pouch. Looseleaf manduction tobacco can likewise become dipped.

When you took a peak of popularity of chew tobacco in the American United States in the late 19th century, spittoons were a most common device for users to spit into.

Snus

Swedish snus is different in that these are manufactured from either steam-cured tobacco, like than fire-cured, & its health effects are markedly different, with epidemiologic studies showing dramatically moo rates of cancer & more tobacco-related unhealthiness than fag, Our contries "Chewing Tobacco", Indian Gutka or African varieties. Large Swedish brands come Swedish Match, Ettan, and Tre Ankare. within a Scandinavian countries, dampish snuff comes either in free powder form, to become pressed into the little ball or even even even oviform either by hand or by have of the favorite convienence, or packaged in microscopic bags, suitable for placing inside the upper lip, known as "portion snuff".

Since these are non smoke-dried, snuff generally avoids giving numbers of of a nitrosamines & more carcinogens in the tar that forms from either the part anaerobic responses in the smouldering smoked tobacco. A steam hardening like than fire curing of snus has been demonstrated to generate potentially fewer of such compounds than more varieties of snuff; Ii.Octonary area by the mil for Ettan brand in comparison when high when 127.Ennead arethe per mil within Western brands, based on data from a survey by the State of Massachusetts Health Department. These come hypothesized that a far flung apply of snus by Swedish men (calculated at 30% of Swedish men, even becahave these are good deal inexpensive than butt), displacing tobacco smoking & more varieties of snuff, is responsible the incidence of tobacco-related mortality inside men existence significantly moo inside Sweden than any more European united states; witharound direct contrast, since women are very much less belike to use snus, their rate of tobacco-related deaths around Sweden is similar to it in more European countries. Snus is clearly less harmful than more tobacco products; based on data from Kenneth Warner, director of the University of Michigan Tobacco Research Network, Public health research worker maintaaround that, still, potentially a moo nitrosamine levels in snus can't exist when wholly chance loose, however snus exponent maintain that inasmuch as snus is utilized as a substitute for even smoking or a means to quit smoking, the nett overall outcome is caring, similar to the symptom of nicotine patches, for instance. Snus is banned in the European Union countries outside of Sweden; although this is officially for health reasons, it is widely regarded when in point of fact existence for economic reasons, since more smokeless tobacco products (principally from either India) associated with good deal greater chance to health come sold.

Gutka

Gutka is a tobacco product manufactured & utilized primarily inside India. It contains sweeteners and flavorings . These are utilized by constantly chewing while forgoing allowing a fluids last within & later on spitting a fluids.

Creamy Snuff

Creamy Snuff is the tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerine, mentha spicata, menthol, & camphor, & sold within a toothpaste tube. These are marketed chiefly to women around India, and is known per marque Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, Ganesh. Based on data from a U.S NIH-sponsored [http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/TCRB/stfact_sheet_combined10-23-02.pdf 2002 Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet], it is marketed as a dentifrice. A equivalent factsheet too mentions that these are "often used to clean teeth. The manufacturer recommends letting the paste linger in the mouth before rinsing."

Tobacco water
Tobacco water is a traditional organic insecticide used in farm gardening.

Basque "angulero" fishermen catch immature eels and wipe out the babies inside an infusion of tobacco leaves before parboiling them inside salty a river for transport to market.[http://www.buber.net/Basque/Food/food1.html]

Bibliography
Breen, T. H. (1985). Tobacco Culture. Princeton Univerisity Click. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. Source inside tobacco culture in eighteenth-century Virginia pp. 46-55 W.K. Collins & S.North. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" First Edition, 1993 Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, a Native Crop. Louisiana Life. Gately, Iain. Tobacco: A Story of How else Tobacco Seduced the World. Grove Click, 2001. ISBN 0-8021-1705-8. Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" within From either the Limestone Ledge (a sections in snuff & mastication tobacco) ISBN 0394512383 That history of the Universal Leaf corporation (information just about role of Danville-Richmond railroad within spread of Brightly tobacco). Killebrew, J. B. & Myrick, Herbert (1909). Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture & Curative, Marketing & Manufacture. Orange Judd Company. Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243) Poche, L. Aristee (2002). Perique tobacco: Mystery & history. Tilley, Nannie Might. A Brilliantly Tobacco Industry 1860-1929 ISBN 0405047282. Source in flea beetle bar (pp. 39-43), & history of flue-cured tobacco